Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is a surgical procedure aimed at relieving pain and restoring function in patients suffering from knee arthritis localized to a single compartment of the knee joint. Unlike total knee arthroplasty, which involves replacing the entire knee joint, UKA focuses on the affected compartment, typically either the medial or lateral side. This technique is particularly suitable for patients who have maintained a good range of motion and whose arthritis is confined to one compartment, often due to osteoarthritis or post-traumatic arthritis. The procedure begins with a small incision, allowing the surgeon to access the knee joint with minimal disruption to surrounding tissues. The damaged cartilage and bone are carefully removed from the affected compartment, and a prosthetic implant made of metal and plastic is then inserted to replicate the function of the missing cartilage and provide a smooth surface for movement. This less invasive approach not only reduces postoperative pain but also allows for a quicker recovery, meaning patients may regain mobility and return to their daily activities sooner than they would after total knee replacement. A significant advantage of UKA is the preservation of the healthy portions of the knee joint, which can lead to a more natural feeling post-surgery and potentially longer implant longevity. Candidates for UKA typically include younger and more active patients who are likely to benefit from a less invasive surgical option. However, strict patient selection criteria are necessary, as improper use of this procedure can result in poor outcomes, such as complications or the need for revision surgery. Postoperative rehabilitation is a critical component of recovery from UKA, involving physical therapy to regain strength and movement in the knee. Most patients can expect to start walking within a day of surgery and may achieve significant improvements in pain and function within weeks. The success rate of UKA is generally high, with many patients reporting satisfaction and returning to activities such as walking, hiking, and light sports. However, patients must be aware of certain risks associated with the procedure, including infection, blood clots, and the possibility of wear or failure of the implant over time. Regular follow-ups with a healthcare provider are essential to monitor the condition of the implant and joint function. In conclusion, unicompartmental knee arthroplasty represents a valuable surgical option for appropriately selected patients with localized knee arthritis, offering the potential for less invasive intervention, reduced recovery time, and improved quality of life, ultimately allowing individuals to regain their active lifestyle while minimizing the negative impacts of knee pain.
